Future perfect and future perfect continuous
Passages 1 - Unit 10
50 daily annoyances
Following on from my random website ideas list and my reality rules of the road list, here’s a daily annoyances list which i’ve put together.. enjoy 
- People who fail to hold on to bars when they get on trains/trams/buses and fall backwards when it starts moving – WTF? you know it’s going to happen
- People who talk loudly on public transport
- People who play ringtones / play videos on max volumes on public transport
- People who play music loudly on their mp3/ipod so all you can hear is hissing
- .............
Passages 1 - Unit 9
Clauses and phrases showing contrast and exception
Expressions with keep and stay
Past habitual
used to
Passages 1 - Unit 7
Technology buzzwords
Present Perfect Passive
Connecting Ideas with.......
What is a blog?
A blog, short for Web log, is an internet journal or newsletter.
What is a Podcast?
A podcast is a type of digital media consisting of an episodic series of audio, video, PDF, or ePub files subscribed to and downloaded through web syndication or streamed online to a computer or mobile device. The word is a neologism derived from "broadcast" and "pod" from the success of the iPod, as audio podcasts are often listened to on portable media players
Question Tag
Passages 1 - Unit 6
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
certain time in the past
|
just / already / not yet
|
Certain event in the past or how often so far?
Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now?
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
certain event in the past
| whether / how often till now
|
Emphasis on action or result?
Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (a past action's consequence in the present)?
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
Emphasis on action
|
Emphasis on result
|
Signal Words
| Simple Past | Present Perfect Simple |
|---|---|
|
|
Passages 1 - Unit 5
braggart: someone who is always talking too proudly about what they own or have done.
cus‧tom‧a‧ry
1 something that is customary is normal because it is the way something is usually done [= usual]
it is customary (for somebody) to do something
In some cultures it is customary for the bride to wear white.
In some cultures it is customary for the bride to wear white.
2 [only before noun] someone's customary behaviour is the way they usually do things [= usual]:
Barbara answered with her customary enthusiasm.
Barbara answered with her customary enthusiasm.
in‧ter‧rupt
1 [intransitive and transitive] to stop someone from continuing what they are saying or doing by suddenly speaking to them, making a noise etc:
Will you stop interrupting me!
Sorry to interrupt, but I need to ask you to come downstairs.
Will you stop interrupting me!Sorry to interrupt, but I need to ask you to come downstairs.
lay-off [countable]
an occasion when an employer ends a worker's employment for a temporary period of time because there is not enough work:
more lay-offs in the car industry
I overheard part of their conversation.
more lay-offs in the car industry
overheard
to accidentally hear what other people are saying, when they do not know that you have heard: I overheard part of their conversation.
gossip
[uncountable] information
that is passed from one person to another about other people's
behaviour and private lives, often including unkind or untrue remarks 
Passages 1 - Unit 4
Night owls = Noctambulos (Nocturnos)
Boldfaced = negrita
noctámbulo, -la adj.
1 Que desarrolla su actividad principal durante la noche: el mochuelo y la lechuza son aves noctámbulas.
— adj./s. m. y f.
2 Se aplica a la persona que tiene tendencia a realizar actividades durante la noche, especialmente si son diversiones.
an -ing form. A time clause with before, after, or while can be reduced only if the
subject in the sentence's other clause is the same.
Before I go to sleep, I like to read.
Before going to sleep, I like to read.I like to read before going to sleep.
Before the baby goes to sleep, his mother reads to him.
Phrasal verb
Passages 1 - Unit 3
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
That can be used for people or things in defining relative clauses. However, it cannot be used as
a replacement for where.
*Many of the people that live in Paris leave the city in August to vacation in other places.
*A statue of ducks that can be found in Boston is a popular tourist attraction for children.
That cannot be used in non-defining relative clauses. Who, which, or where are used instead.
*Cairo, which has fascinated Europeans for ages, draws countless European tourists each year.
*Our tour guide, who knew a great deal about souvenirs from the area, helped us to buy some
beautiful presents for our friends.
adjectives and adverbs
Passages 1 - Unit 2
Mistakes and mysteries
What did I get myself into usually means what kinds of problems am I about to encounter.
Past modals and phrasal modals of obligation
Some past modals and
phrasal modals of obligation are stronger than others.
Strong obligation. To show that there was
no choice about doing the action, use was/were to
or had to. Note that must is not used in the past.
Instead, use had to.
My parents had to go to school on Saturdays.
Expectation. There was a general
expectation that an action was required or prohibited.
She was supposed to talk to my professor after class. (But she probably
didn 't.)
He wasn't supposed to drive the car to school. (But he probably did.)
Advisability. There was a good idea
or a correct action in a particular situation, but it was
or was not done. He should have taken better notes in class. (But he didn't)
She shouldn't have bought such an expensive jacket.
(But she did.)
Modals with multiple uses
Degrees of certainty range from very
certain to uncertain.
Very
certain.
To show that you think something was probable in the past, use must have,
must not have, can't have, or couldn't have.
Sofia
was at a movie with me last night. You couldn't
have seen her at the mall!
Uncertain. To show that you think
something was possible in the past, use could have,
may have, might have, may not have, or might not have.
Jun Ho is usually here by now. He could
/ may / might have missed the bus this morning.
Tanya
was supposed to meet me before school. She may
/ might not have gotten the message.
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